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<blockquote data-quote="yesim434" data-source="post: 412168" data-attributes="member: 41"><p>FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM</p><p>The five duties, sometimes called five pillars of Islam, are 1) the statement of creed, 2) prayer, 3)alms,4)fasting, 5) pilgrimage</p><p></p><p>I. The creed (Kelime-i Şehadet) in Islam is the statement tyo say and to belive “ I witness that there is no God but Allah and Mohammed is His prophet.” When somebody believes in this, it means he believes and acknowledges everything declared by Mohammed.</p><p></p><p>II. Prayer (Namaz) is performed 5 times daily. “ At dawn, at noon,in mid-afternoon,in the evening and at midnight.” Prayer is the best indication of beeing a good servant to the Great Creator, Allah. At prayer a muslim enjoys the spiritual happiness caused by being in Allah’s presence and gets exalted spiritually by keeping oneself away from world concerns. To perform a prayer it is necessary to wash certain party of the body.( like hands, face and feet), this is called “ ablution”. The body, the clothes that are worn and the place where prayer is performed have to be clean, in addition. Prayer, by placing the feeling of responsibility in their hearts, purifies man out of all kinds of bad feelings and thoughts and by putting their behaviours under control and preventing them from comitting badness exalts man morally. In the Holy Koran , Allah, Almighty states</p><p>“ Establish worship. Worship preserved from lewdness and iniquity.”The place where muslims perform prayers in congreagation is called Cami ( Mosque) and Mescid ( very small mosquelike places). Mosques and mescids are at the same time places where knowledge and information about religion and morals and training are given to Muslims.The person who leads Muslims in prayers is called “ İmam”.When a Muslim prays he covers his head, removes his shoes and a places a carpet under him. He faces Mecca, kneeling,prostrating himself and standing with his hands open. It is accepted as being more correct if people practice namaz in the mosque, although they are not obliged to do so. Women generally practice at home except the holy days. Each set of prayer is about 10-20 minutes long. For a Muslim Friday is a holy day. The İmam gives a sermon to the people in Turkish at the noon time prayers on Fridays. Most of the male are supposed to attend the Holy Friday performance so you may notice that shops close so that workers may attend the Friday noon prayer in many places.</p><p></p><p>III.Alms(Zekat) It is a worship observed by rich people by giving a certain amount , 1/40 from his wealth, of their certain possessions and money, ever year to the people in need. Alms is a social philantropic system that provides peace and solidarity in the society. Alms decreases the ambition for money and by improving the mutual love and respect among individuals prevents the enmity against wealth. Thus it plays a major role in keeping the society in peace and safety.</p><p></p><p>IV. The Fasting (Oruç) It is a month-long worship which is observed every year in the lunar month of Ramadan during which Muslims abstain from eating, drinking and sexual desires from dawn to dusk. But the physically weak, the sick, the soldiers, travelers and afew others are exemted.Because the Moslem calendar is based on a lunar year the months rotate around the seasons. Each year, for instance, Ramadan begins ten or eleven days earlier than the previous year according to the Gregorian year. It is the ninth month of the Islamic year.The first revelation of Koran is commemorated in this month. Fasting strenghts volition by taming one’s real self and gives power to resist bad habits. Allah,Almight states in the Holly Koran; “ O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may ward off.” Fasting is a training of morals and behavior which improves the feelings of love, compassion and mercy and purifies soul of evils. Besides, it is a known fact that fasting is a very good practice for health. This is also accepted in the medical world. Concerning this, Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon on him) said. “ If you fast, you feel healthy.”</p><p></p><p>V.Pilgrimage (Hac) It is a worship performed once in a life time by the people who are in good health and can afford it. To perform it they pay a visit to the holy places on certain days to Saudi Arabia.Everybody wears the same type of clothing while performing this worship and this reminds of the day when we are in Allah’s presence after death. It makes it possible for believers to turn to Allah in a sincere way and to ask for being forgiven and acceptance of their repentance. Seeing the holy places gives man a spiritual excitement and strengthens the religious feelings. Pilgrimage which unites the people of different countries, colors and languages who came to the holy places about one goal, is an international assembly from social point of view.</p><p>As seen worships in Islam aim at maturing men morally and making them reach goodness and perfect and at the same time making it possible for the society to live in peace by purifying men of evils.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>MUSLIM SECTS</p><p>Muslim sectarinism is negligible, except for the division of İslam into Sunnis and Shiites. This devison arose over who should boceme the caliph in 1st C of the İslamic calendar. It is a convention to threat Sunni Islam as the norm because the vast majority of İslam are Sunnis.</p><p>Shiites the essential distinction between Sunnis and Shiites at the outset was that Shiites believed that Ali and his successors were divinely ordained caliphs. They consider that his sons Hasan and Husain were martyrs. Shiites have many more festivals than Sunnis, there are also many more saints, more dervishes and more religious communities ( tarikats). Although they believe the unity of God, in the prophet Mohammed and in the Koran, their practice of the requirenments of İslam differs from Sunni practice. The largest concentration of Shiites is in Iran.</p><p>SUFISM a Sufi is a Muslim who has devoted himself to the life of mysticsm.The scholars have contrasted them with the stern Sunni legalists (Ulema), noting that from the beginning of Islam</p><p></p><p></p><p>many people lived their daily lives in a spirit of devotion and saw in Islam a discipline of the soul</p><p>rather than a legal ritual. Sufis have ranged from people of humble background to whom mysticsm was a moral and an emotional experience to those of great intellectual power who found in it a profound truth and spiritual enlightenment. Over the years a number of Sufi orders (tarikats) have</p><p></p><p>Developed, centered around charasmatic leaders.</p><p></p><p></p><p>TARIKATS (DERVISHES)</p><p>Dervishes were members of various Moslem religious communities called “ tarikats”. The word “tarikat” means the road that leads to spiritual union with God.”Usually the community was a mystical order. The tarikats started as collection of desciples around a reverred religious leader. After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire at the end of the 11th century these tarikats acquired a more formal but still popular and humanistic structure. Each tarikat claimed its origin in a historic founder whose inspiration the members traced from the Prophet Mohammet through an unbroken line of saints. The religious servives of tarikats were called “ Zikr”, a mentioning the name of God,the purpose of which was to fill one’s heart with love and to bring the worshipper into mystical union of God. The Koranic reference to this is found in Sura 41, “ oh believeres! Remember God with frequent remebrance, and praise Him morning and evening.” In some of the services the religious exaltation has been described as howling, in some as dancing. In some there was a hypnosis that was demonstrated in particular feats such as levitation, clairvoyance, or among the Rufais, as eating ret hot embers without being hurt.The tarikats drew some of their membership from among the poor and from the trade guilds. They served as the support group for their community, and offered closed companionship in a secret society. The ulema, on the other hand, represented the educated, legalistic and thelogical segment of society that looked down on the dervish orders. In addition to these that are noted here, many other tarikats have been founded and have been important in the social and religious life of Turkish communities. The famous tarikats in Anatolia in the history are Mevlev, Bektaşi, Rufai and Cerrahi tarikats.</p><p></p><p>TURKS AND ISLAM</p><p>At the time of the Turks of Centarl Asia were Shamanists believing that good and evil spirits were present everywhere and that those spirits could be invoked by the magic of inspried priests. For a while they showed some interest in Buddhism, Christianity and Juaism. Because of their contract with the Arab Muslims in the 8th C AD they began to learn about and to accept İslam. Scholars see, however, a continuing influence of Shamanism in some of the practices of the tarikat. By the 11th century many of the Turkish fuedal states in the Middle East had become İslamic. In Turkey the Seljuks were instrumental in converting the indigenious people; this conversion continued under the Ottomans who helped spread Islam throughout their wide empire.There are around one billion Muslims in 172 countries of the world today. This is nearly 18 % of the world’s population.% 6 Muslims live in Turkey.Among the Islam countries There are 2 different models: The first is fundamentalist, like Iran, Algeria, Saudi Arabia and second is modern like Turkey.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN CHRITIANITY AND ISLAM</p><p></p><p>In important ways the two faiths are similar.</p><p>Theiadherence hold that God is One and Almighty.</p><p>The same patriarchs and prophets have reverenced by all two.</p><p>Adam and Eve, Noah and Abraham are examples of theme of God’s continuing involvement in human life and of his promise.</p><p>The faiths have shared locations for their places of worship, sometimes taking over earlier buildings Often pagan temples were adopted to a church, later a achurch adoted to a mosque</p><p>The two faiths share their roots in Eastern Anatolia. The people of these faiths, “ the people of the Book”, as they are identified in Koran. Bible and Koran.</p><p>Both of them have places of worship named Church and Mosque to pray for God.</p><p>Christians finish their sermon with “ Amen”, Muslims finish it with “ Amin.”</p><p>Jesus Christ is a prophet of Christianity and he had 12 saints. Mohammed is the prophet of Islam and had 4 caliphs.</p><p>7 is a holy number in both religions :</p><p>In Christianity : Seven churches of revelation, 7 letters to the churches, 7 golden lampsticks, 7 sleepers in Anatolia, 7 truimpets of the 7 angels, 7 colours of the rainbow, 7 musics, the book of revelation was sealed by seven, earth was created in 7 days, 7 branches of life tree 7 first steps of baby Mary.</p><p>In Islam : 7 festival days (Sugar+sacrifice bairams), 7 layers of sky and earth, turning around Kaaba 7 times during pilgrimage, going and coming back to mount Arafat 7 times, 7 verses in chapter Fatiha, the Besmele (The Creed) has 7 letters, 7 main prophets acoording to Koran ( Adem,Noah,David,Abraham,Moses, Jesus and Mohammed), the construction of some beatiful mosques took 7 years ( Süleymaiye, The Blue Mosque), 7 big sins,7 holes in human body, Noah’s Ark had landed on mount Ararat and there were 7 kinds of animals in.</p><p></p><p>o The differences are as follows :</p><p>o The Christian day begins at midnight. The 1st day of the week, Sunday, is the day of the rest and worship because that was the day of Christ’s resurrection. The year begins in January, following Roman practice, the numbering begins with the date thought to be when Christ was born and use Gregorian Calender since 1582. The Muslim day, begins at sunset. Friday is the day for faithful to gather at the mosque for noon prayers abd the sermon. Muslim months begin with the new moon, inrespective of the season. Thus the Muslim year is 10 or 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year, and the Muslim months complete a cycle around the seasons in about 32 and a half years. The Muslim era began with the emigration of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>o The Holy book for Christians combines the Old Testament with the New. The New Testament concerns of life of Jesus and includes some of the works written about his teaching soon after he died. The bible was not intended to be a geography textbook, but it has become one of the major references for archaeologists who are studying Anatolia. For Muslims, the Holy Book is the Koran and had been completed in 23 years before Mohammed died.</p><p>o For Christians Jesus Christ is the son of God, Mary is a God bearerabd Holy Spirit , for Muslims he is the only the prophet of christians and Mary is the Jesus’s mother</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>TURKISH FLAG</p><p>Beacuse of the Turkish republic was founded on the heritage of the Ottoman Empire,many things from that time, such as the Turkish Flag, continued but sometimes with slight changes. The Ottoman used various flags of different colours at different times. In the 14th C it was white, ın the 15th C it was changed to red, Once it was 3 white crescents with a green background. Each of the crescents symbolized a continent on which the Ottomans used to rule. As the Ottomans were associated with Islam, crescents might also have symbolized the sovereignty of Islam on three continents. From then on, the crescents have been known as the symbol of Islam. Later, in the 18th C only one crescent together with an 8-pointed star on red background was used. The combination of the crescent and the red colour came about, according to legend when one of the Turkish commmanders while wandering around a battlefield, noticed the reflection of a star in the blood collected on the ground. That imaged so impressed the commander that he chose the symbols for the flag. Today, the red color is accepted as the symbol of blood. A heroic poem about the color says : “ What makes a flag is the blood and tears, and what converst a land into a nation is the martyrs.” After the foundation of the Turkish republic, the Turkish flag was chosen to be a combination of a crescent and a 5-pointed star on a red background. The fundamentals of the Turkish flag were laid down by the laws : Old, dirty or torn flags cannot be used. People cannot sit or step on them. In schools or official places it is hoisted at the weekends and on holidays. On Monday mornings, the new week starts with students saluting the national flag in schools. All over the nation there are only two places in which the flag is kept permanently raised ; the first is the parliment building, because here it symbolizes the contunity of the nation’s existence, the second is the mouseleoum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the father of the Turks. Only on the day of his death, November 10th, is the flag hung half-mast as a sign of sorrow.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="yesim434, post: 412168, member: 41"] FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM The five duties, sometimes called five pillars of Islam, are 1) the statement of creed, 2) prayer, 3)alms,4)fasting, 5) pilgrimage I. The creed (Kelime-i Şehadet) in Islam is the statement tyo say and to belive “ I witness that there is no God but Allah and Mohammed is His prophet.” When somebody believes in this, it means he believes and acknowledges everything declared by Mohammed. II. Prayer (Namaz) is performed 5 times daily. “ At dawn, at noon,in mid-afternoon,in the evening and at midnight.” Prayer is the best indication of beeing a good servant to the Great Creator, Allah. At prayer a muslim enjoys the spiritual happiness caused by being in Allah’s presence and gets exalted spiritually by keeping oneself away from world concerns. To perform a prayer it is necessary to wash certain party of the body.( like hands, face and feet), this is called “ ablution”. The body, the clothes that are worn and the place where prayer is performed have to be clean, in addition. Prayer, by placing the feeling of responsibility in their hearts, purifies man out of all kinds of bad feelings and thoughts and by putting their behaviours under control and preventing them from comitting badness exalts man morally. In the Holy Koran , Allah, Almighty states “ Establish worship. Worship preserved from lewdness and iniquity.”The place where muslims perform prayers in congreagation is called Cami ( Mosque) and Mescid ( very small mosquelike places). Mosques and mescids are at the same time places where knowledge and information about religion and morals and training are given to Muslims.The person who leads Muslims in prayers is called “ İmam”.When a Muslim prays he covers his head, removes his shoes and a places a carpet under him. He faces Mecca, kneeling,prostrating himself and standing with his hands open. It is accepted as being more correct if people practice namaz in the mosque, although they are not obliged to do so. Women generally practice at home except the holy days. Each set of prayer is about 10-20 minutes long. For a Muslim Friday is a holy day. The İmam gives a sermon to the people in Turkish at the noon time prayers on Fridays. Most of the male are supposed to attend the Holy Friday performance so you may notice that shops close so that workers may attend the Friday noon prayer in many places. III.Alms(Zekat) It is a worship observed by rich people by giving a certain amount , 1/40 from his wealth, of their certain possessions and money, ever year to the people in need. Alms is a social philantropic system that provides peace and solidarity in the society. Alms decreases the ambition for money and by improving the mutual love and respect among individuals prevents the enmity against wealth. Thus it plays a major role in keeping the society in peace and safety. IV. The Fasting (Oruç) It is a month-long worship which is observed every year in the lunar month of Ramadan during which Muslims abstain from eating, drinking and sexual desires from dawn to dusk. But the physically weak, the sick, the soldiers, travelers and afew others are exemted.Because the Moslem calendar is based on a lunar year the months rotate around the seasons. Each year, for instance, Ramadan begins ten or eleven days earlier than the previous year according to the Gregorian year. It is the ninth month of the Islamic year.The first revelation of Koran is commemorated in this month. Fasting strenghts volition by taming one’s real self and gives power to resist bad habits. Allah,Almight states in the Holly Koran; “ O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may ward off.” Fasting is a training of morals and behavior which improves the feelings of love, compassion and mercy and purifies soul of evils. Besides, it is a known fact that fasting is a very good practice for health. This is also accepted in the medical world. Concerning this, Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon on him) said. “ If you fast, you feel healthy.” V.Pilgrimage (Hac) It is a worship performed once in a life time by the people who are in good health and can afford it. To perform it they pay a visit to the holy places on certain days to Saudi Arabia.Everybody wears the same type of clothing while performing this worship and this reminds of the day when we are in Allah’s presence after death. It makes it possible for believers to turn to Allah in a sincere way and to ask for being forgiven and acceptance of their repentance. Seeing the holy places gives man a spiritual excitement and strengthens the religious feelings. Pilgrimage which unites the people of different countries, colors and languages who came to the holy places about one goal, is an international assembly from social point of view. As seen worships in Islam aim at maturing men morally and making them reach goodness and perfect and at the same time making it possible for the society to live in peace by purifying men of evils. MUSLIM SECTS Muslim sectarinism is negligible, except for the division of İslam into Sunnis and Shiites. This devison arose over who should boceme the caliph in 1st C of the İslamic calendar. It is a convention to threat Sunni Islam as the norm because the vast majority of İslam are Sunnis. Shiites the essential distinction between Sunnis and Shiites at the outset was that Shiites believed that Ali and his successors were divinely ordained caliphs. They consider that his sons Hasan and Husain were martyrs. Shiites have many more festivals than Sunnis, there are also many more saints, more dervishes and more religious communities ( tarikats). Although they believe the unity of God, in the prophet Mohammed and in the Koran, their practice of the requirenments of İslam differs from Sunni practice. The largest concentration of Shiites is in Iran. SUFISM a Sufi is a Muslim who has devoted himself to the life of mysticsm.The scholars have contrasted them with the stern Sunni legalists (Ulema), noting that from the beginning of Islam many people lived their daily lives in a spirit of devotion and saw in Islam a discipline of the soul rather than a legal ritual. Sufis have ranged from people of humble background to whom mysticsm was a moral and an emotional experience to those of great intellectual power who found in it a profound truth and spiritual enlightenment. Over the years a number of Sufi orders (tarikats) have Developed, centered around charasmatic leaders. TARIKATS (DERVISHES) Dervishes were members of various Moslem religious communities called “ tarikats”. The word “tarikat” means the road that leads to spiritual union with God.”Usually the community was a mystical order. The tarikats started as collection of desciples around a reverred religious leader. After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire at the end of the 11th century these tarikats acquired a more formal but still popular and humanistic structure. Each tarikat claimed its origin in a historic founder whose inspiration the members traced from the Prophet Mohammet through an unbroken line of saints. The religious servives of tarikats were called “ Zikr”, a mentioning the name of God,the purpose of which was to fill one’s heart with love and to bring the worshipper into mystical union of God. The Koranic reference to this is found in Sura 41, “ oh believeres! Remember God with frequent remebrance, and praise Him morning and evening.” In some of the services the religious exaltation has been described as howling, in some as dancing. In some there was a hypnosis that was demonstrated in particular feats such as levitation, clairvoyance, or among the Rufais, as eating ret hot embers without being hurt.The tarikats drew some of their membership from among the poor and from the trade guilds. They served as the support group for their community, and offered closed companionship in a secret society. The ulema, on the other hand, represented the educated, legalistic and thelogical segment of society that looked down on the dervish orders. In addition to these that are noted here, many other tarikats have been founded and have been important in the social and religious life of Turkish communities. The famous tarikats in Anatolia in the history are Mevlev, Bektaşi, Rufai and Cerrahi tarikats. TURKS AND ISLAM At the time of the Turks of Centarl Asia were Shamanists believing that good and evil spirits were present everywhere and that those spirits could be invoked by the magic of inspried priests. For a while they showed some interest in Buddhism, Christianity and Juaism. Because of their contract with the Arab Muslims in the 8th C AD they began to learn about and to accept İslam. Scholars see, however, a continuing influence of Shamanism in some of the practices of the tarikat. By the 11th century many of the Turkish fuedal states in the Middle East had become İslamic. In Turkey the Seljuks were instrumental in converting the indigenious people; this conversion continued under the Ottomans who helped spread Islam throughout their wide empire.There are around one billion Muslims in 172 countries of the world today. This is nearly 18 % of the world’s population.% 6 Muslims live in Turkey.Among the Islam countries There are 2 different models: The first is fundamentalist, like Iran, Algeria, Saudi Arabia and second is modern like Turkey. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN CHRITIANITY AND ISLAM In important ways the two faiths are similar. Theiadherence hold that God is One and Almighty. The same patriarchs and prophets have reverenced by all two. Adam and Eve, Noah and Abraham are examples of theme of God’s continuing involvement in human life and of his promise. The faiths have shared locations for their places of worship, sometimes taking over earlier buildings Often pagan temples were adopted to a church, later a achurch adoted to a mosque The two faiths share their roots in Eastern Anatolia. The people of these faiths, “ the people of the Book”, as they are identified in Koran. Bible and Koran. Both of them have places of worship named Church and Mosque to pray for God. Christians finish their sermon with “ Amen”, Muslims finish it with “ Amin.” Jesus Christ is a prophet of Christianity and he had 12 saints. Mohammed is the prophet of Islam and had 4 caliphs. 7 is a holy number in both religions : In Christianity : Seven churches of revelation, 7 letters to the churches, 7 golden lampsticks, 7 sleepers in Anatolia, 7 truimpets of the 7 angels, 7 colours of the rainbow, 7 musics, the book of revelation was sealed by seven, earth was created in 7 days, 7 branches of life tree 7 first steps of baby Mary. In Islam : 7 festival days (Sugar+sacrifice bairams), 7 layers of sky and earth, turning around Kaaba 7 times during pilgrimage, going and coming back to mount Arafat 7 times, 7 verses in chapter Fatiha, the Besmele (The Creed) has 7 letters, 7 main prophets acoording to Koran ( Adem,Noah,David,Abraham,Moses, Jesus and Mohammed), the construction of some beatiful mosques took 7 years ( Süleymaiye, The Blue Mosque), 7 big sins,7 holes in human body, Noah’s Ark had landed on mount Ararat and there were 7 kinds of animals in. o The differences are as follows : o The Christian day begins at midnight. The 1st day of the week, Sunday, is the day of the rest and worship because that was the day of Christ’s resurrection. The year begins in January, following Roman practice, the numbering begins with the date thought to be when Christ was born and use Gregorian Calender since 1582. The Muslim day, begins at sunset. Friday is the day for faithful to gather at the mosque for noon prayers abd the sermon. Muslim months begin with the new moon, inrespective of the season. Thus the Muslim year is 10 or 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year, and the Muslim months complete a cycle around the seasons in about 32 and a half years. The Muslim era began with the emigration of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD. o The Holy book for Christians combines the Old Testament with the New. The New Testament concerns of life of Jesus and includes some of the works written about his teaching soon after he died. The bible was not intended to be a geography textbook, but it has become one of the major references for archaeologists who are studying Anatolia. For Muslims, the Holy Book is the Koran and had been completed in 23 years before Mohammed died. o For Christians Jesus Christ is the son of God, Mary is a God bearerabd Holy Spirit , for Muslims he is the only the prophet of christians and Mary is the Jesus’s mother TURKISH FLAG Beacuse of the Turkish republic was founded on the heritage of the Ottoman Empire,many things from that time, such as the Turkish Flag, continued but sometimes with slight changes. The Ottoman used various flags of different colours at different times. In the 14th C it was white, ın the 15th C it was changed to red, Once it was 3 white crescents with a green background. Each of the crescents symbolized a continent on which the Ottomans used to rule. As the Ottomans were associated with Islam, crescents might also have symbolized the sovereignty of Islam on three continents. From then on, the crescents have been known as the symbol of Islam. Later, in the 18th C only one crescent together with an 8-pointed star on red background was used. The combination of the crescent and the red colour came about, according to legend when one of the Turkish commmanders while wandering around a battlefield, noticed the reflection of a star in the blood collected on the ground. That imaged so impressed the commander that he chose the symbols for the flag. Today, the red color is accepted as the symbol of blood. A heroic poem about the color says : “ What makes a flag is the blood and tears, and what converst a land into a nation is the martyrs.” After the foundation of the Turkish republic, the Turkish flag was chosen to be a combination of a crescent and a 5-pointed star on a red background. The fundamentals of the Turkish flag were laid down by the laws : Old, dirty or torn flags cannot be used. People cannot sit or step on them. In schools or official places it is hoisted at the weekends and on holidays. On Monday mornings, the new week starts with students saluting the national flag in schools. All over the nation there are only two places in which the flag is kept permanently raised ; the first is the parliment building, because here it symbolizes the contunity of the nation’s existence, the second is the mouseleoum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the father of the Turks. Only on the day of his death, November 10th, is the flag hung half-mast as a sign of sorrow. [/QUOTE]
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